Розділ 4. Міні-подорож по Salix
4.1. Робота з командною стрічкою
This section deals with working in a console mode or with a terminal (such as xfce terminal, xterm, konsole and so forth), and serves merely as a light introduction to what we call "command line interface" (CLI). The intended audience here is not seasoned travellers but new journeymen in the land of Linux, who are willing to discover more about what one can do with it. We will go through some examples in this section for you to follow, and hopefully by the end of this walkthrough, you will have no problem working in the “black screen”. For those who would like to know more about CLI, there are a couple of useful resources available on the net, and some are listed in the
Salix Forum.
Тож навіщо взагалі вивчати команди командного рядка? Графічний інтерфейс для програм постійно поліпшується в Linux, і, ймовірно, в даний час його можна порівняти з будь-якою ОС щодо простоти використання. З іншого боку, Linux вирізняється, зокрема, в області застосування командного рядка, його традиційної сили. Без командного рядка Ви б втратили половину того, що може запропонувати Linux, якщо не більше.
Також є інша причина. Від часу до часу Вам можливо доведеться працювати в консолі. Наприклад, якщо машина не може запустити графічне середовище стільниці під час завантаження, тоді Вам доведеться вирішувати це за допомогою командного рядка.
Звичайно, існує багато причин щоб вивчити команди командного рядка, але зараз ми почнемо вивчення з команд руху по директоріях.
Спочатку відкрийте термінал і або перейдіть до консолі (Ви можете це зробити, натискаючи Ctrl+Alt+F2, наприклад. Для повернення до графічного середовища, натиснувши Ctrl+Alt+F4, наприклад. F з числом використовується для переключення між консолями.)
You should be in your user directory (denoted as "~"), which is normally the same as "/home/your user name" (replace the “your user name” with your own). In Salix, this directory contains "Desktop", "Music", "Documents" and so on. To see its content, type "ls" and press enter. You will see something like this:
Now to move around directories, we use "cd". If you just type in "cd" and enter, nothing will happen. "cd" must be followed either by a name of a directory which is within the directory you are in or by a full path to the directory you wish to move into. You can also go one directory up by typing "cd .." (be careful, there is a space between cd and ..). Remember on Linux, arguments are separated by spaces. So for now, let's move to the root directory. The root directory is, as the name suggests, the core of your directories - every directory stems from here. Once you wipe out the root directory, you will not see your machine booting up again.
Щоб перейти до кореневої теки "/", напишіть "cd /".
Type in "ls" to see the list of files and directories in the directory. You should see something like "tmp/", "usr/", "home/" and so on. OK, not so interesting here. Let us move back to your home directory with "cd /home/your user name".
Тепер перейдіть до теки "Музика", запускаючи команду "cd Музика". Фактично, Вам не потрібно вводити команду до самого кінця. Натискаючи клавішу Tab після першої або двох перших літер теки, Ви повинні побачити доповнення до кінця назви теки автоматично.
4.1.2. Створення теки - mkdir
Ви можете створити теку запускаючи "mkdir назва_нової_теки". Наприклад, нам потрібно створити теку Фотографії. "mkdir Фотографії" створить нову теку в поточній теці. Це можна перевірити, запускаючи команду "ls".
Далі давайте створимо файл журналу для теки Фотографії. "nano" - це програма командного рядка для читання і запису текстів. Для запуску програми запустіть "nano".
Ця програма проста у використанні, і Ви можете побачити опції команд, показані нижче. Впишіть "файл журналу створено", і за допомогою Ctrl+x збережіть документ як "log" і вийдіть з програми.
4.1.3. Копіювання & Переміщення & Вилучення файла - cp & mv & rm
"cp" is perhaps one of the most used commands in a console mode. "cp" copies a file or files from one location to another. Since we created the file called "log" and it is currently in the wrong directory, let us move it inside the "photo" directory. You can do so by issuing "cp log photo/" but perhaps it is better to call the log file not just "log" but "log.txt", so that it would be obvious to a Windows user that it is a text file. Type in "cp log photo/log.txt" and enter to execute the command.
You can go inside the "photo" directory and check if the copying has been done properly. "cd photo" and then "ls". The file should be there. Let's add to the log file by saying that it has been moved from "Music" to "photo". Issuing "nano log.txt" will bring up the text. Add a line to say it has been moved, and then save and quit the application by Ctrl+x.
Oh, but we forgot to delete the original "log" file in the "Music" folder. Let's just get back to the "Music" directory using "cd .." and remove the "log" file by issuing "rm log". The "rm" command removes a file or files. For example, if you would like to remove all photos with .jpg extension but not with .png, you can issue a command something like: "rm *.jpg". This will remove all the files with .jpg extension within the directory you are in. Note that the "rm" command will not ask you to confirm your order. It will just carry out your instructions without further ado and once a file is removed, it is deleted forever. You cannot recover it from the recycle bin.
In this example, we used "cp" to copy the log file and then later on deleted it. Normally, this would be done by issuing a "mv" command; "mv log photo/". You can also use the "mv" command to rename a file. Let's say that you did not like the earlier decision to call the log file "log.txt" and you now want to rename it as "log" again. Type in "mv photo/log.txt photo/log" and execute the command. Now the file name has been changed back to "log".
4.1.4. Копіювання & Переміщення & Вилучення теки - cp & mv & rm
So now you have the folder called "photo" and a log file in the "Music" directory. This is a little strange as we should normally have the folder not in "Music" but in "Pictures". But now you know how to move a file, perhaps the same command will work for moving a folder?
Однак... "cp Фотографії ../Малюнки" (пам’ятайте, що .. стосується теки одним рівнем вище) дасть Вам схожу на цю помилку.
Let's see what we can do here. The first thing when encountering such a problem is to check the corresponding help file. This can normally be done by issuing a command with an option like "cp --help". It is possible that --help will just be -h, and there may be no help at all. "man" is another command if this is the case. "man cp" will give a more indepth explanation of this command. (To get out of the manual, press "q").
If you read the help carefully, you will see that you need to give an extra option "-r" if you wish to copy a folder to another location. So now "cp -r photo ../Pictures" should copy the "photo" folder inside the correct "Pictures" directory. After checking that the folder has been safely copied, you can remove the "photo" folder from the "Music" directory: "rm -r photo/".
4.1.5. Встановлення програм - slapt-get i slapt-src
Maybe a little bird has told you that there is a wonderful application called "cowsay" in Linux, and now you would like to see what this program can do.
In order to install a program, one needs to be logged in as root (= superuser = administrator), because it is a system wide action. Alternatively, you can acquire the superuser rights by issuing "su". You will be asked to enter the root password. After providing the correct password, you are now free to do whatever you wish to do on your system (even to make the machine unworkable).
So "cowsay". If this is the first time you are installing an application on Salix, the first thing you should do is to update the package database on your computer by executing "slapt-get -u". Then to search for an application (in this case, "cowsay"), type in "slapt-get --search cowsay". Unfortunately, cowsay is not in the official repositories neither of Salix nor of Slackware. But it is still too early to give up. Slackbuild.org maintains extra packages for Slackware, which of course can be utilised by Salix users.
Search for "cowsay" with slapt-src by typing "slapt-src --search cowsay" after first updating the local database with "slapt-src -u". You will see that it is available from Slackbuild.org. To install it, execute "slapt-src -i cowsay". If you are not sure what this "-i" is, you can check it with the --help option. You will see a lot of lines running up the terminal quickly until the application is installed.
Once it is installed, you might want to test it. First get out of the superuser mode by typing "exit". Then type in "cowsay". Nothing happens, and in fact, you will see that you are now in a strange mode that you cannot execute any commands. This is because the application is still running, but as you don't see anything, perhaps it is not running properly. To terminate the process, press "Ctrl+c". You will get back the normal input line back on your terminal.
То що ж пішло не так? Перевірте "cowsay" з параметром "-h". Ви побачите, що Вам потрібно вписати в [повідомленні]. Спробуйте знову з "cowsay Привіт Salix!"
To sum up, we have merely scratched the surface of the power of the command line. The best way to learn more is by using it, but remember to use the help tools, and consult online documentation such as that listed in the Salix forum.
Linuxcommand.org can be particularly recommended if you wish to gain a comprehensive grounding. Proceed cautiously, but don't be afraid to experiment.
Остання порада - часом може бути важко скопіювати точно велику команду. При виборі тексту за допомогою миші, в Linux, натискання середньої кнопки або колеса миші вставить його точно в командний рядок або ж куди Ви побажаєте.
